Evaluation and treatment of Rheumatic heart disease and Severe Mitral Annular calcification for Mitral Stenosis

There has been a gradual transition in the epidemiology of mitral stenosis (MS) in the Western world, with rheumatic disease in rapid decline and increasing recognition of degenerative mitral annular calcification (MAC)–related MS in the elderly. While valvuloplasty remains a well-known treatment for most cases of rheumatic disease, transcatheter therapy has been increasingly used for MAC. This course will highlight the important echocardiographic principles, proper workup, and treatment options for both disease entities.