3D optimization on TEE and TEE studies

Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic (3DE) imaging represents a major innovation in cardiovascular ultrasound. The use of real-time 3DE acquisition and presentation of cardiac structures allows the sonographer to further enhance our understanding of both basic and more complex pathologies. 3D echocardiography now plays a key role in: (1) the evaluation of cardiac chamber volumes and mass, which avoids geometric assumptions; (2) guidance and planning for optimization of transcatheter therapies; (3) presentation of realistic views of heart valves; (4) volumetric evaluation of regurgitant lesions and shunts with 3DE color Doppler imaging. However, for 3D echocardiography to be implemented in routine clinical practice, a full understanding of its technical principles and a systematic approach to image acquisition and analysis are required. The main goal of this lecture is to provide a practical guide on how to acquire, analyze, and display the various cardiac structures using 3D echocardiography, as well as the limitations of the technique.